Role of Weak Attractions in Macromolecular Structure

Role of Weak Attractions in Macromolecular social organisationWeak attractions in sedimentary ashes? fract bean number 1 soldering in peeing. important berth of anaemic attractions in macromolecular constructionand function.Muhammad Sanain Javed separate AWater is besides cognize as universal firmness of purpose because it is the nevertheless solvent which mostly use in or so both reaction. There ar many types of weak attractions which argon present in aqueous system.The weak attractions which argon present in the aqueous system argon Hydrogen Bonding Hydrophobic draws of attractions van der Waals mashs of attractions static forces of attractionsHydrogen BondingFirst of all we result discuss about heat content stick which is present in the aqueous system. Oxygen is more(prenominal)(prenominal) negatively charged element as compared to the henry pinpoint, so in this modality we terminate say that the water is a polar molecule. So that there entrust be dipole-dipole attractions present between partial positively charged enthalpy atom and partial negatively charged oxygen atom. So that we sack say that the henry stick to is something more than that of simple dipole-dipole forces. The oxygen atom has cardinal lone pairs. bandage on the separate hap henry has sufficient partial positive charge. In this trend both the enthalpy atoms present in the water molecules produce strong electric grow area callable to its miniature sizes. So that the other oxygen atoms, may be of other molecules, will get link to the henry atoms by promoter of coordinate covalent bond, using one of its lone pair of electrons. hence the loose bond is formed, in the result, which is definitely stronger than that of simple dipole -dipole attractions. Because of the small size of hydrogen atom it can take part in this type of bonding. This bonding acts as a bridge between two charged oxygen atoms. So that we can say that the hydrogen bonding is the unchanging force of attraction between a exceedingly electronegative atom and partial positively charged hydrogen atom.Hydrogen bonding plays very important role in the water. We can say that it is the bring up of allah. As the molecule of water have tetrahedral structure. Two lone pairs of electrons on oxygen atoms occupy two corners of the tetrahedron. In study of liquid state the molecules of water are extensively bonded with for each one other but these connectors are break, just minute to minute because the mobility of molecules of water. When the temperature of the water decreases up to a extra extent thus the ice is formed and the and the molecules of water become more and more regular and the regularity of water molecules extends through-out the whole structure of water. So in this way the empty space are created between in the whole structure. When the water freezes it occupies 9% more space as compared to the accredited water. So in this way its tightness decrea ses and ice floats on the surface of the water. The structure is just same to the structure of diamond because each atom of carbon copy in diamond is at the center of tetrahedron just like the atoms of oxygen of water molecule present in the ice. The lower density of ice at the temperature of 0 degree helps the water to float on the surface of water from upward to downward direction. When the water attains the temperature of 4C by the stick of temperature in the surrounding it starts to freezes. As the temperature of the surrounding more falls, the water at its surface become less dense. In this way the water on the surface will freezes and animals underlying he surface of the ice will survive.Hydrophobic AttractionsAnother important attraction present in the aqueous system is the hydrophobic attraction which is in fact the self association attraction present in the non polar molecules sometimes the hydrophobic attractions are incorrectly referred as hydrophobic bonds. Hydrophobi c forces of attractions can easily be described as the interaction between the water and the hydrophobes. This can be explained as low water soluble molecules so in this way we can say that these are the non polar molecules having long chain carbon atoms and some alkyl groups which do not react with the water molecules.Electrostatic forces of attractionsElectrostatic forces of attractions are also present in the aqueous system. This force of attraction is present between the atoms or molecules having opposite charges. These types of forces are except exist in the aqueous solutions so sometimes these are also known as salt bridge. Salt bridge is referred as the electrostatic forces of attractions which are present between oppositely charged groups present indoors or between the bio-molecules. The strength of the salt bridge can be compared with the strength of the hydrogen bonding but act everyplace bigger distance. In this way they also facilitate the attractions of charged parti cles with the nucleic acids in aqueous system.forefront der Waals forcesVan der Waals forces of attractions are also present in the aqueous system. This type of weak forces arises collectible to attraction between transient dipoles which are produce by the rapid movement of free electrons present in the atom or a molecule. These forces are oft weaker than that of hydrogen bonding but on the other hatful they are numerous, van der Waals force of attraction decreases as the sixth power of the distance separating atoms. So that due to this reason and due to weak force the van der Waals forces act over very short distance may be up to 2 to 4 aungstrom. Van der Waals forces contain two components one of them is the harming forces which are commonly known as London dispersion forces. These attr restless forces number on the polarizability of the molecule or an atom. While on the other hand repulsive forces are also present which are commonly known as steric repulsion. This force of r epulsion depends on the size of the atom. The force of attractions dominates almost at the longer distance. It is almost about 0.4 nm to 0.7 nm duration on the other hand the repulsion dominates at very shorter distance. Van der Waals forces are very weak force and it can easily be broke. We can also say that this is a universal type of attractive forcebecause it can be generated easily between two molecules which are near to each other due to the rapid movement of their electrons.Crucial role of weak attractions in macromoleculesWeak attractions are crucial to macromolecular structure and functions because all the non covalent interactions such as hydrophobic attractions, ionic attractions and van-der Waals attractions are much weaker than that of the covalent attractions. Hydrophobic attractions are also much weaker than that of covalent attractions although they are highly streng accordinglyed by a highly polar solvent while on the other hand the hydrogen bonding may be compare able with the covalent bonding but the hydrogen bonding is always less stronger than that of the covalent bonding.All these four types of bonding such as hydrophobic attractions, ionic attractions, hydrogen bonding and van-der Waals forces of attractions are present in the aqueous system. The combined order of all these four attractions play very important role in the formation of structure of the macromolecule. For example if we look upon the structure of the proteins, DNA and ribonucleic acid accordingly we can easily see that these bonding specially hydrogen bonding plays very important role in the formation of structure of the macromolecules. More these weak attractions present in the macromolecule hence the more will be the stability of the macromolecule. This shows the combine effect of the weak attractions in the structure of macromolecule. In case of proteins or even in case of nucleotides all the base pairs are attached with the help of these weak attractions such as hyd rogen salad dressing. If we see the attachment of adenine and thymine then we can easily hold ond that these are combined with each other with the help of two hydrogen bonds while on the other hand if we observe the attachment of guanine with cytosine then easily observe that these are also combined with the help of three hydrogen bonds. While in case of proteins two polypeptides are also combined with each other by the help of hydrogen bonding but only at specificsites. In case of antigen antibody complex formation hydrogen bonding also plays very important role because antigen binds with the antibody with the help of hydrogen bond formation. Other weak attractions are also present in the macromolecules. In case of the enzyme catalytic reactions, when the substrate binds with the catalytic site of enzyme then the energy produced in this reaction is used the catalysis of the bio molecule. The substrate binds with the active sites of enzyme is also due to the formation of weak forc es of attractions in the aqueous system. The binding of hormone or a neurotransmitter with the cellular receptor is also due to these weak forces of attractions.When we see the structure of the protein such as hemoglobin then we can easily see that there are many water molecules which are tightly bounded and they look as the part of that protein. comparable is true for the DNA or RNA so that in this way we can see that water it self and there related weak attractions play very important role in the stability of the macromolecule.In this way we can say that the weak forces of attractions plays very important role in the stability of the macromolecules. So we can say that without these weak attractions in aqueous system the stability of the macromolecule must be impossible.