Effects of the Spirit of Competition

Effects of the Spirit of CompetitionThe heart of competition is mavin of the underlying principles in either dramaing correctt, be it one athlete against an other, or afternoon group against group. The prec formerlyived notion on the part of spectators as to which individual or team ordain guard is the attraction and all(prenominal)ure of a versioning event, in other row the degree of irresolution concerning the protrudegrowth. By nature, human beings be curious, inquisitive, emulous and coop eontive. The abrasive conditions of survival that were a fact of behavior in the prehistoric era provide evidence of how we be bound together.Tribes grew as extensions of family units with the strongest individual go up to take charge oer hunting and warding off rival family groups in order to secure the territories best suited to the act survival of the group. As these tribal groups grew larger, either as a leave of birth evaluate or conquest, the size of competitive c onflicts grew as salubrious.Tribal members trained to nonplus better skilled in the use of weapons as well as their individual mortalal strength in order to prevail in these conflicts. The desire to secure better territories for hunting and survival fuelled further conflicts through and through surface this age as tribal societies continued to expand and grow.The Greek assert of Sparta provides one of the best examples of society organized under the principles of domination through military agency. Young ascetic males were removed from their households at the age of 7 for mandatory military training which included instruction in the weapons of the 20-four hour level as well as a rigorous schedule of terrific physical athletics.In essence, the female population of Sparta ran the preservation overseeing slaves, managing the harvest of crops, and conducting profession as Spartan males trained and served in the military with little to cypher to do concerning other affairs. Spartan training included participation in athletic contests such as gymnastics, suck upning, swimming, thro make headwayg the discus and javelin to hone their minds and bodies for the military. Historically, athletic games were an entire part of Greek religious festivals held at temples where the populace ga on that pointd to keep an eye on competitors as they awardinged the gods.Greek mythology tells us that the Olympic Games started as a funeral paste to honor King Pelops who had prevailed in a chariot race held by KingOenimaus to select a mate for his daughter Hippodamia. The Games started in 776 B.C. and consisted of just a servening event which later expanded to include the pentathlon, javelin, boxing, horse and chariot races, wrestling, discus and jumping. Winners of events were hailed as heroes with the commensurate stature and standing in Spartan society accomp bothing these triumphs. History reveals that the Roman Empire continued this custom in the Coliseum pitting gladiators against gladiators, a eagle-eyed with other spectacles to supercharge the favour of the populace through state sponsored frolic.The precedent historical outline has been undertaken to provide perspective on how athletics and then feature events were an operation of a quest for survival linked through physical basis and then as a part of religious celebration to honour deities. The festive mood of these events provided the opportunity to honour champions and also afforded its participants with a mean to elevate their status in society as a conduct of fetching. Spectators were entertained by events that consisted of a modified duration of cartridge clip whereby the person who would prevail could be determined. The doubtfulness as to the outcome provided the intrigue, drama and pleasure value. And therein lies the appeal of sports, not k forth at lavatoryg the outcome until the event has run its pass.Present mean solar day sporting events still hold the same introductory appeals, competition, uncertainty, a specific time of duration and a festive airwave with one major distinction, they are big business. Multimillion dollar rolls, government task concessions, air gross agreements, licensing, merchandise merchandising, product sponsorships and endorsements are a some of the financial components of this entertainment medium. side of meat football, identical its American Cousin the fallic football game conference (NFL), pro soccer, basketball, Formula 1, golf and all sports touch one common trait The Outcome. winnows attend games and events, watch them on tele wad, wager on point spreads and place bets, as the Outcome of the couplet-ups is the spring of their arouse. The uncertainty of the eventual(prenominal) winner creates acclimate of drama which fuels involvement on the part of caramels. The much competitive the match-ups are, meaning the to a greater extent uncertain the outcome, the more than winnows become kin dleed in these matches and frankincense idiot box viewer-ship and stadium attending rises.The source of this interest is a solution of these events and matches being limited by a defined period of time in which the outcome takes place. In the world of business one measures winning and losing or in al some cases their progress based to some degree upon what they earn or the promotions they receive. The time period and outcomes are less defined, as well as in most cases mistred in term of what aspects or inputs resulted in utter outcome.This segment of a persons life is subject to a large percentage of undefined vari equals, events, causes, actions, reactions and so on, all of which tend to blur the cistrons which led to the outcome. And this also carries over to ones personal life as well where the outcomes to varied events, such as marriage children a unused-fangled home and more, are mostly a product of foresightful periods of time in which discussions, decisions, modif ications and changes in thinking are consistently working(a) up to it (the outcomes).In the previous examples, both business and personal, the eventual outcomes are spread over time periods that can encompass days, weeks, geezerhood or even decades. The need for an outcome that fits into a time period that is intimately correlated explains why pictures, music, videogames and sporting events hold the interest of the general man. The definable time period means that the uncertainty concerning the outcome will be revealed within that time span thus providing satisfaction.Heightened competition augments fan interest and when this is spread over the majority of teams participating in the sporting event, fan attendance and television viewer ship will addition throughout the season. The foregoing translates into revenue from gate receipts, increase syllabus contracts as a result of advertising grade, licensing, merchandise gross revenue, endorsements, appearances and other inco me streams. This paper will witness the effects of broadcasting revenue on side of meat football clubs as well as how this revenue is distri excepted, its effect on operations, the reliance on this income in budgetary impairment, and alternative methods to distribute these funds on a more equitable basis.Chapter 1 IntroductionAs is the case with any business enterprise, professional sports exist to derive a profit from operations. And those win come as a result of the extent which a professional team diademtures the imagination of its fan base in the belief that give tongue to team has the opportunity to advance in the standings and onto to the championship final. While there are all manner and degrees of fans, ranging from the fanatic tithe I entirely watch when they are winning, professional sports organizations are identified with the urban center they reside, the charisma of its stars, the mystic of its heritage, and its recent commonplace image.Because all but the mos t die-hard fans submit short memories, the rest consist of those who jump on the bandwagon for a variety of reasons. Winning sports franchise provides field publimetropolis for the city it resides in, kick ins revenues for the local economy from its fan base and those of the visiting team(s). The foregoing assist the municipality in promoting its own agenda(s), such as convention facilities, tourism, attractions, and the benefits of doing business in their cosmopolitan location.A sports franchise, more apropos a conquestful sport franchise, provides a locale with in the public eye(predicate)ity it could not otherwise come to catch additional business and the corresponding tax revenues from goods and services. But, a city is more than concrete, glass skyscrapers, taxicabs, buses and municipal services it exists and prospers as a result of its people. As such a municipality has a vested interest in seeing to the well-being, team spirit and vitality of its populace by providi ng them with clean and safe streets, parks, adequate public transportation, progressive government, an excellent educational system, and something to rally their interest.Championships in British football perplex garnered world renown and designation for teams such as Manchester joined, Liverpool, inventory and Chelsea , providing them with media exposure and coverage these locales could not afford to purchase, including public relations stories they could not manufacture. wizard of Englands goodwill ambassadors David Beckham , even though he now plays for Real Madrid, is a global icon that fans and non-fans of the sport recognize and set with and his British background.However, the lustre of English football familiaritys when considered as group, as befuddled some of its sheen as a result of second horizontal sur organization teams whom nurse yet to see championship status, in operation(p) deficits and the want of organise that prompts overall competitiveness. The con federation is suffering from the same non-competitive problems that has befallen Formula 1 where Michael Schumacher and Ferrari have put the city of Mirabella, as well as Italy, back on the map by winning five Formula 1championships in a row (2000 through 2004), and his setting what most people believe will be an unbreakable record of seven world drivers championships (two with the Benetton-Ford team).The success of the Ferrari Formula 1 team has caused the Formula 1 Administration, the sports governing body, to implement a third round of specification modifications to attempt to make the sport more competitive in the face of Ferraris federal agency over the past five eld. This period has seen a drop in viewers as a result of the lack of competitiveness. The same fate has befallen the English Football Clubs.The allure of sporting events is the uncertainty of the outcome. This creates the atmosphere of suspense, anticipation, drama and warmth as one watches the event broadcast during the designated time period that determines the winner. These same ingredients are the backbone of all entertainment venues, be it the movies, music, a ride in an amusement park, or a television show, the elements are built upon these basic conceptions (suspense, anticipation, drama and excitement). We are entertained as we are able to keep pace with the developments in a timeframe that does not bore us.This is why most entertainment venues, such as sports and movies, are approximately betwixt two to three hours. As sporting events pit competitors directly against one another in a cognise changeting of rules and regulations, one simply has to watch and observe the nuances precedeing to the eventual outcome. The simplicity is the basis for its sophistication.Education, upbringing, language, social standing, and other factors are mixed-up in the heat of battle. Sports provide a framework where goose egg matters except the outcome and thus it is one of the ultimate forms of escape, relaxation and entertainment, hence the popularity of sports in all its forms.And in order to produce a winning Club, forethought must have star athletes. Not just the Dave Beckhams, but also an prodigious have a bun in the ovening cast as well to see them through the some(prenominal) competitive battles that are a part of a season long campaign.Chapter 2 The English Football ClubsFounded as the English Football coalition in 1888 by Scotsman William McGregor, the group discussion actually had been in competing since 1872 as tea Cup encompassed Scottish as well as English Clubs. Mar. McGregor was subtile enough to see that the game essential to be formalized in terms of rules and regulations to provide a structure for the nonprofessional comprising the sport at that time.He also understood that formulating method to generate income for the Clubs that would provide the foundation to compensate the players. Acting in a role that in instantlys terms would be equated to being a commissioner, Mar. McGregors vision culminated in the group discussion starting with twelve Clubs with Preston North End change state the first championship team . The unites popularity resulted in a Second element being form in 1892. During the four long time from the unites institution additional teams were added with three different teams winning the FA Cup. The Blackburn Rovers took the championship title in 1890 and 1891.The conferences popularity with fans was evidenced by its growth from the initial twelve (12) teams to a enumerate of forty-two (42) Clubs and three(3) divisions by 1922. Competitive balance in the League was shown over the twenty-six (26) years from 1893 to 1922 as no Club repeated as a sequential League champion during that time span. Aston Villa won the title four measure (1895, 1897, 1905 and 1913), Sheffield United prevailed in three (3) championships, and just two (2) other clubs won twice, the Wolverhampton Wanders and Tottenham Hots pur. Fifteen (15)other Clubs from the Leagues total of forty-two (42) took the FA Cup once.The preceding meant that nineteen Clubs out of the total of forty-two (42) won championships or 45%. The preceding parity fueledfurther expansion and the League grew to ninety-two (92) Clubs by1950. The competitiveness within the League was the source of fan popularity as two (2) Clubs, the Bolton Wanderers and armory captured the League title three (3) times, with Newcastle United taking home the crown twice. In the twenty-two (22) years between 1923 and 1950fourteen (14) other Clubs won the FA Cup once again covering parity in the League.Between 1951 and 1989 fan support and interest in the League continued to grow as competitiveness kept pace with expansion, and the refreshing Clubs as well as those that had been in the League for some time. This thirty-seven (37) year period dictum the sideline multiple championshipsCLUB NUMBER OF FA CUPS Tottenham Hotspur 5 Manchester United 4 Newca stle United 3 West overact United 3 Liverpool 3 Arsenal 2 Manchester City 2Fifteen Clubs won singular titles during this period and the League was enjoying unprecedented popularity. One of the key reasons for the appeal of the sport during the periods indicated is competitive balance. When there is uncertainty on the part of fans as to which team will prevail during the regular season match-ups, this sparks heightened fan interest in each contest. The outcome from matches in which their teams play is also affected by how key competitors play in their match-ups with other teams which also affect the standings.This uncertainty means that fans will tune into or attend more regular season matches, and not just those where their particular team is playing a potential contender, but those matches where their team is playing just about anyone. The preceding is true because when there is competitive balance no team is rightfully out of the championship running, and most certainly not out of any match. Parity makes almost each and every game important in terms of the standings and a teams rankings toward the championship game. The foregoing means increased gate receipts at stadiums and higher advertising rates as well as merchandise and ancillary revenues.Even with the passably balanced championship appearances a add of clubs have not been able to compete at the top tier level thus wearing the interest of their fans as these Clubs are seemingly cannon fodder with nothing to play for as the stronger teams keep them relegated tithe mid or bottom tiers. The play-off system, which was introduced at the end of the 1986-87 campaign helped to provide more teams with something to shot for. However, with the twenty (20) of the strongest teams leaving in 1992 and forming the juvenile premiere League this left seventy-two (72) Clubs split evenly in three (3) divisions, but the competitive factor was on a rase level. In the twelve (12) years since the breaking away the Premier League is suffering from dominance by a a couple of(prenominal) teams, rather than the hoped for closer competitive balance.A. Parity The formation of the Premier League has placed those Clubs in the position of reaping higher revenues as a result of their being in the class league representing the best teams. One of the offshoots of its formation was it siphoned off fans from other lesser teams by creating secondary favourite team even though a particular Premier League Club might not be located in their city. Fans are know to switch allegiances and adopt teams when their city or favourite is continually out of the running.Banking on a heightened percentage of close and meaningful games to hie increased fan interest in these matches to generate higher revenues per match was one of the underlying strategies to enrich the class Clubs of the Premier League. And finally, simple math in that fewer Clubs negotiating for advertising contracts means more revenue per Club. In Cha pter Three we will examine the ramifications of broadcast revenue sharing, the timing of the Premier League breakaway in relationship to radical technologies in television broadcasting ( strain / satellite) on with subsequent developments.The breakaway strategy made sense, regrettably the Clubs did not cooperate in bring this to further heighten fan interest by competitive balance. By cooperation, it is meant that certain teams have emerged as consistent winners, with two (2) teams dominating and another two (2)breaking in to win championships when the powerhouses faltered. Since the 1992 breakaway season the following Clubs have taken the Premier League crown CLUB NUMBER OF FA CUPS Manchester United 4 Arsenal 4 Liverpool 2 Chelsea 2 Everton 1The foregoing means that five (5) Clubs out of twenty (20), or 25% have owned the title in the twelve (12) years the League has been inexistence.Not exactly parityOne of the main contributing factors to the preceding is revenue. The top Club s since 1987 have enjoyed a disproportional increase in income as a result of their success in championship matches thus enabling them to garner sponsorships, additional revenues from merchandise sales and thus the funds to lure top-flight athletes and a supporting cast. The dominance shown by Clubs in both the Premier League and English Football League Division One has manifested itself in financial bullet collectable as a result of the foregoing and thus the gap continues to widen. The success of the Premier League can be seen in economic terms and the explosive growth.B. Attendance Parity has a direct correlation with attendance and fan interest. The domination of the Premier League by Manchester United and Arsenal, along with the multiple championships by Tottenham Hotspur (5),Newcastle United (3), West Ham (3) and Liverpool (3) has left more than sixty present (60%) of all clubs without a title in its 116 years of existence. From 1888 through 1987 the English Football League enjoyed explosive growth that started to shtup off due to the breakaway of the Premier League Clubs and their rising national and internationalist successes, as well as domination in the English Football League by relatively small cadre of teams. forthwiths media realities have aided to further widen the competitive gapes a result of cable television deals and lucrative title matches that reward the controlling Clubs with additional revenues. The revenue gap the Premier League enjoys has enabled it to garner top players to strengthen their competitive advantages and perform exceptionally well in international matches. The English Football Leagues occurrent day format of First Second Third and Fourth Divisions (introduced in1958) has helped to bring Divisional Championships to a wider spectrum of Clubs further, the top Clubs follow a stranglehold on the FA Cup.The system does gain those Clubs from the lower divisional levels through a system of points based upon standings a nd finish. This format has aided in fan interest to a degree as the seventy-two (72) Club league Playoff format encompasses a large possible of Clubs and provides multiple Divisional championships.Club and League management, cognizant of parity and attendance issues(as well as revenue, costs and wages which will be discussed in latter sections), have taken varied actions to maintain and boost attendance. One measure has been the enthronement in pertly stadium facilities.Our modern day exposure to all manner of outside stimuli and influences through television, the movies, magazines and other media has big us with regard to expectations. We are consistently being provided with images of newfound this and new that. From residences to office buildings, furnishings, clothes, and other manifestations, we love new things Regardless that this is an outgrowth of selling and commerce, people have always gravitated to what is new. League Clubs, in an effort to maintain as well as renew interest in their current fan base, also recognize the need to cultivate and attract new fans to fuel growth. New stadium facilities provide a sense of excitement and assist in1. Pre-Stadium Public RelationsThe idea for a new stadium creates public buzz when the Club announces it is either considering or proviso a new facility. The media coverage concerning all manner of stadium questions and concerns over the need for a new structure, its location, how it will impact upon the local economy and environment, how it will be financed, the design, cost and associated aspects creates months of media coverage. In the back rooms management creates strategies and plans to garner support and financing, and this enweaves like a long movie in the press.2. On-going Media CoverageRegardless of whether the new stadium is truly needed or not, opposition voices help to provide additional media articles, other sides to the issue and comment. The Hollywood adage that there is no such thing as ill publicity still holds true. The Club is in front of its public3. Fan InterestIt is difficult to conceive of a fan that does not in secret long to attend a match in a new stadium. Advances in todays building techniques, materials, technological innovations such as giant screens, computer enhancements and designs all serve to fuel inner fires. go to a match is entertainment, and who among us does not like to visit the newest movie theatre, test drive a new car, look at new homes, and window shop for clothes Whether for or against, the proposal of a new stadium excites imaginations.4. AttractionNew facilities create attraction for fans and non-fans to visit the new stadium to examine and enjoy is accoutrements, even if it is only to drive by and experience it first-hand. New concessions, sit, viewing angles, scoreboards and big screen replays, help to establish fans to attend and come back to enjoy the facility, as well as to see and be seen.5. Player InducementLike it or not, socc er players tend to be spoiled prima donnas In their defines, it does take a special type of personality as well as outlook to be a professional athlete and face the accolades along with public criticisms that accompany the glory. Identifying raw new talent for the League is a experience of hit and miss, so most Clubs stock their teams by obtaining proven performers at the commensurate cost. The size of the contract offer is of course the primary inducement, but the type and newness of facilities does not hurt negotiations. The factors that aid in securing talent are as varied as the players themselves, thus those Clubs that are successful drive to account for as many of these variables as possible.6. External Media InfluenceThe mindset of, as well as newly built facilities receive blanket(a) media coverage in rival cities, sparking the question why not us, along with promoting the Clubs name. Fans from opposing teams tend to visit the stadium when their teams match up where in the past this might not have been a consideration.The allure of new stadium has been manifest by the build of Clubs that have completed or are starting new facilities and/or upgrading existing ones to address the appeal of this area. Interestingly this is being done in spite of the financial difficulties faced by most teams. The2001 / 2002 season saw a 12 million GBP increase in stadium investment over 2000 / 2001 (GBP 47 million and GBP 35 million respectively)Over the course of the previous ten (10) years this figure is in excess flim-flam 400 million. The popularity of both Leagues are reflected in attendance figures, aided by cable television sparking match interest which approximated 27.8 million representing the highest level in thirty (30) years.More importantly English League figures have promoter 8.5% increase over the 2000 / 20001 season and has increased 35%since the 1992 Premier League formation. The Premier League is still setting records, with attendance increases f or the sixth back-to-back campaign, and an average of 34,324 fans coming to matches, a rise of1,500 over 2000 / 20001. As one would imagine the First Division of the English Football League lead other Divisions in average stadium capacity recording 68% as compared against 47% for the Second Division and 42% for the Third Division. In spite of this 12 million seats remained empty. Cup attendance continued its upward trend by 12.2%.C. Operating CostsIncreased attendance and additional television revenues are League bright spots (both the English and Premier), even in the face of a lack of parity. The costs of competing, however is another matter. To remain competitive or become competitive is the number one objective, and whenever too much demand chases after a limited number of players, the laws of supply and demand escalate. The major expense item negating operating profits is player salaries. During the 2000 / 2001 season twenty-seven (27) Clubs recorded Balance Sheets showing a negative.Seventeen (17) Clubs filed reports showing operating insolvency during2003 / 2003 as a result of escalating wage costs. The competition for star players to create match day impacts and trudge attendance has proven to be a defeating proposition that the League has turn to by new regulations which limits Clubs to spend no more than 75% of their total revenues in this area.Spiralling wage costs received a huge back breaker of sanity when the Leagues TV Digital deal failed. These revenues were providing the Clubs with the needed extra budgetary room to close the gap between the League and the Premier Clubs. This development along with insolvency issues helped to bring about the wage cap (75%) modification to enable Clubs to get a grip on pecuniary matters. With no new deals of the same financial magnitude to replace this lost revenue, the League consensus is that broadcast funds will remain flat, for now. And the damage, in terms of this lost revenue affects the lower ranke d Clubs more as a result of their limited gate, merchandising and sponsorship opportunities, and Isa huge blow to financial stability.In addition, the lower ranking Divisions will have difficulties in appealing to advertisers thus further widening the revenue disparity.The pressure on the League and its Clubs to generate additional revenues is further exacerbated by the continued success of the Premier League in generating increased revenues, as well as the ability of its Clubs to obtain additional talent. And with the high wage costs for players in the Premier League, the added revenues from their cable deals a boon in aiding costs.Chapter 3 RevenuesIndividual Club revenue is primarily generated from broadcasting, gate receipts and sponsorship / merchandising agreements. The differences in incomes as negotiated by the top level Clubs in relationship to lower level teams, even in the face of the new wage cap arrangement, will basically not do anything to change the huge revenue ga ps. The English Football League Division 1 Clubs in order to compete with the clout and financial muscle of the Premier League need to significantly increase their revenue streams on a League and Club basis in order to make some inroads on their dominance. The financial gulf between the Second, Third and Fourth Divisions is considerably larger concerning their respective abilities to improve upon this incident in view of their less marketable product.Marketability in this sense means the image the Clubs have cultivated and have with the general public in terms of viewer interest in seeing them perform. This translates into higher gate receipts and audience interest in televised games. Demand for stadium seats permits a Club to charge higher ticket prices as well as obtain in stadium banner advertising. The overall heightened public awareness, interest and television audiences also mean higher name recognition and thus puts an additional premium on merchandise sales and licensing de als. And go the general public rarely thinks about the commercial side of the product, the Leagues, Clubs, advertisers, sponsors, broadcast networks and financial backers do Television is a mass medium that provides dread(a) opportunities to reach the public and influence their thinking, as well as loyalties. The marketing of a Club goes beyond short term thinking, it follows the same exercise as all other marketing.Advertisers, which in a sense is what a Club does every match it plays, seek to influence the loyalty, behaviour and interest of all age groups. This includes those that are time to come customers children and teenagers. How many times have you seen the latest craze among these groups wear the gear of losing teams Certainly there are those that do, but, historically, these age groups are more concerned with associating with winners. The family tradition of supporting the hometown team is a product of past eras. The winning teams of today are marketing to the customer s of tomorrow, as well as those of the present through winning, exposure, merchandising, television broadcast time, media buzz and appeal of star players along with the overall success of its operations. just like in any other industry, be it vehicles, clothes, airlines, or a restaurant, the reputation for consistent quality over the long haul wins future customers. Not everyone can afford a Rolls but almost everyone would like one.A survey conducted by Silverman concerning ticket prices reveals that just 18% of the Clubs in Division 1 believe ticket revenue will increase to any appreciable degree over the coming two seasons. The optimism of Division 2 and 3 Clubs is more subdued as only 15% and 8%,respectively, take this view concerning gate prices. On average, attendance has run lower than Club projections with the continued success and dominance of the Premier League not contributing to help this area. Ticket sales in that other League have continued to rise six seasons in a row even in the face of higher prices and reduced competitiveness. The lower level teams in the Premier League have also increased prices, but in their cases this strategy has resulted in either stagnant or lower attendance numbers.A. Broadcast RevenueThe origin of the English Football Leagues formation in 1888 was based upon organizing amateur Clubs that had been formed by voluntary associations, and local neighbourhood organizations as well as churches and companies, so that matches could be arranged. The rules varied and the sport was in the rough and wrinkle mode whereby violent play was commonplace. Clubs such as Manchester United, West Ham and a few ot

Role of Weak Attractions in Macromolecular Structure

Role of Weak Attractions in Macromolecular social organisationWeak attractions in sedimentary ashes? fract bean number 1 soldering in peeing. important berth of anaemic attractions in macromolecular constructionand function.Muhammad Sanain Javed separate AWater is besides cognize as universal firmness of purpose because it is the nevertheless solvent which mostly use in or so both reaction. There ar many types of weak attractions which argon present in aqueous system.The weak attractions which argon present in the aqueous system argon Hydrogen Bonding Hydrophobic draws of attractions van der Waals mashs of attractions static forces of attractionsHydrogen BondingFirst of all we result discuss about heat content stick which is present in the aqueous system. Oxygen is more(prenominal)(prenominal) negatively charged element as compared to the henry pinpoint, so in this modality we terminate say that the water is a polar molecule. So that there entrust be dipole-dipole attractions present between partial positively charged enthalpy atom and partial negatively charged oxygen atom. So that we sack say that the henry stick to is something more than that of simple dipole-dipole forces. The oxygen atom has cardinal lone pairs. bandage on the separate hap henry has sufficient partial positive charge. In this trend both the enthalpy atoms present in the water molecules produce strong electric grow area callable to its miniature sizes. So that the other oxygen atoms, may be of other molecules, will get link to the henry atoms by promoter of coordinate covalent bond, using one of its lone pair of electrons. hence the loose bond is formed, in the result, which is definitely stronger than that of simple dipole -dipole attractions. Because of the small size of hydrogen atom it can take part in this type of bonding. This bonding acts as a bridge between two charged oxygen atoms. So that we can say that the hydrogen bonding is the unchanging force of attraction between a exceedingly electronegative atom and partial positively charged hydrogen atom.Hydrogen bonding plays very important role in the water. We can say that it is the bring up of allah. As the molecule of water have tetrahedral structure. Two lone pairs of electrons on oxygen atoms occupy two corners of the tetrahedron. In study of liquid state the molecules of water are extensively bonded with for each one other but these connectors are break, just minute to minute because the mobility of molecules of water. When the temperature of the water decreases up to a extra extent thus the ice is formed and the and the molecules of water become more and more regular and the regularity of water molecules extends through-out the whole structure of water. So in this way the empty space are created between in the whole structure. When the water freezes it occupies 9% more space as compared to the accredited water. So in this way its tightness decrea ses and ice floats on the surface of the water. The structure is just same to the structure of diamond because each atom of carbon copy in diamond is at the center of tetrahedron just like the atoms of oxygen of water molecule present in the ice. The lower density of ice at the temperature of 0 degree helps the water to float on the surface of water from upward to downward direction. When the water attains the temperature of 4C by the stick of temperature in the surrounding it starts to freezes. As the temperature of the surrounding more falls, the water at its surface become less dense. In this way the water on the surface will freezes and animals underlying he surface of the ice will survive.Hydrophobic AttractionsAnother important attraction present in the aqueous system is the hydrophobic attraction which is in fact the self association attraction present in the non polar molecules sometimes the hydrophobic attractions are incorrectly referred as hydrophobic bonds. Hydrophobi c forces of attractions can easily be described as the interaction between the water and the hydrophobes. This can be explained as low water soluble molecules so in this way we can say that these are the non polar molecules having long chain carbon atoms and some alkyl groups which do not react with the water molecules.Electrostatic forces of attractionsElectrostatic forces of attractions are also present in the aqueous system. This force of attraction is present between the atoms or molecules having opposite charges. These types of forces are except exist in the aqueous solutions so sometimes these are also known as salt bridge. Salt bridge is referred as the electrostatic forces of attractions which are present between oppositely charged groups present indoors or between the bio-molecules. The strength of the salt bridge can be compared with the strength of the hydrogen bonding but act everyplace bigger distance. In this way they also facilitate the attractions of charged parti cles with the nucleic acids in aqueous system.forefront der Waals forcesVan der Waals forces of attractions are also present in the aqueous system. This type of weak forces arises collectible to attraction between transient dipoles which are produce by the rapid movement of free electrons present in the atom or a molecule. These forces are oft weaker than that of hydrogen bonding but on the other hatful they are numerous, van der Waals force of attraction decreases as the sixth power of the distance separating atoms. So that due to this reason and due to weak force the van der Waals forces act over very short distance may be up to 2 to 4 aungstrom. Van der Waals forces contain two components one of them is the harming forces which are commonly known as London dispersion forces. These attr restless forces number on the polarizability of the molecule or an atom. While on the other hand repulsive forces are also present which are commonly known as steric repulsion. This force of r epulsion depends on the size of the atom. The force of attractions dominates almost at the longer distance. It is almost about 0.4 nm to 0.7 nm duration on the other hand the repulsion dominates at very shorter distance. Van der Waals forces are very weak force and it can easily be broke. We can also say that this is a universal type of attractive forcebecause it can be generated easily between two molecules which are near to each other due to the rapid movement of their electrons.Crucial role of weak attractions in macromoleculesWeak attractions are crucial to macromolecular structure and functions because all the non covalent interactions such as hydrophobic attractions, ionic attractions and van-der Waals attractions are much weaker than that of the covalent attractions. Hydrophobic attractions are also much weaker than that of covalent attractions although they are highly streng accordinglyed by a highly polar solvent while on the other hand the hydrogen bonding may be compare able with the covalent bonding but the hydrogen bonding is always less stronger than that of the covalent bonding.All these four types of bonding such as hydrophobic attractions, ionic attractions, hydrogen bonding and van-der Waals forces of attractions are present in the aqueous system. The combined order of all these four attractions play very important role in the formation of structure of the macromolecule. For example if we look upon the structure of the proteins, DNA and ribonucleic acid accordingly we can easily see that these bonding specially hydrogen bonding plays very important role in the formation of structure of the macromolecules. More these weak attractions present in the macromolecule hence the more will be the stability of the macromolecule. This shows the combine effect of the weak attractions in the structure of macromolecule. In case of proteins or even in case of nucleotides all the base pairs are attached with the help of these weak attractions such as hyd rogen salad dressing. If we see the attachment of adenine and thymine then we can easily hold ond that these are combined with each other with the help of two hydrogen bonds while on the other hand if we observe the attachment of guanine with cytosine then easily observe that these are also combined with the help of three hydrogen bonds. While in case of proteins two polypeptides are also combined with each other by the help of hydrogen bonding but only at specificsites. In case of antigen antibody complex formation hydrogen bonding also plays very important role because antigen binds with the antibody with the help of hydrogen bond formation. Other weak attractions are also present in the macromolecules. In case of the enzyme catalytic reactions, when the substrate binds with the catalytic site of enzyme then the energy produced in this reaction is used the catalysis of the bio molecule. The substrate binds with the active sites of enzyme is also due to the formation of weak forc es of attractions in the aqueous system. The binding of hormone or a neurotransmitter with the cellular receptor is also due to these weak forces of attractions.When we see the structure of the protein such as hemoglobin then we can easily see that there are many water molecules which are tightly bounded and they look as the part of that protein. comparable is true for the DNA or RNA so that in this way we can see that water it self and there related weak attractions play very important role in the stability of the macromolecule.In this way we can say that the weak forces of attractions plays very important role in the stability of the macromolecules. So we can say that without these weak attractions in aqueous system the stability of the macromolecule must be impossible.

Crude Drugs: Pharmacognostic Investigation

Crude Drugs Pharmacognostic InvestigationIntroduction microscopic examination and pharmacognostic rating of phyto drug may not app bently stand out each direct co-relation with pharmacological and phytochemical evaluations. One should always remember that botanic identity of the phyto drug is an inwrought pre-requisite for undertaking the analysis of medicinal properties of any plant. If botanical identity of drug happens to be doubtful the entire phytochemical and pharmacological work on the plant becomes invalid. Thus the botanical identity of a tender drug threshold in the process of pharmacological investigations.Pharmacognostic paygradeA systematic pharmacognostic study was carried out on the herbal drugs selected, to outline them more scientifically and to identify specific characteristics, if any, which forget be useful in the quality assurance and standardization of these plant drugs.Leaf Constants finale of stomatal IndexStomatal index is the percentage which the arrive of stomata conformity to the total calculate of epidermal cells, each stoma being counted as one cell. Stomatal index was be measured by employ the following equation.I = S X nose candyE+SI=Stomatal index,S= zero(prenominal) of stomata per unit range,E=No. of epidermal cells in the same unit country.Middle part of the leafage was cle atomic number 18d by boiling with chloral hydrate final result. The lower epidermis was rude(a) by means of forceps and mounted on the slide with glycerine piss. television camera lucida and drawing room were arranged for making drawings to scale. A squ be of 1mm was draw by means of stage micrometer. The slide with cle atomic number 18d leaf (epidermis) was located on the stage. The epidermal cells and stomata were traced out. The number of stomata give birth in 1sq mm bea was counted. (Stomatal Number). The result for each of the ten fields was recorded and the average number of stomata per sq.mm was careful.The stomatal inde x was determined victimization the above formula.The slides were wide-awake for Gynandropsis gynandra,(fig.2). The Stomatal number and Stomatal index determine are given in Table.2.Determination of Vein-Islet NumberVein-islet is the humiliated area of light-green tissue touch by the stainlets. The vein-islet number is the average number of vein-islet per square millimeter of a leaf surface. It is determined by find the number of vein-islets in an area of 4 sq.mm of the central part of the leaf between the midrib and the margin.A portion of leaf was cleaned by boiling in chloral hydrate solution for about thirty proceeding and slide was prepared. Camera lucida and drawing display panel were arranged for making drawings to scale. Stage micrometer was arranged on the microscope and employ 16 mm objective, a line was drawn equivalent to 1 mm as seen through the microscope. A square was constructed on this line. The spiel was moved so that the square is seen in the eye mo, in the centre of the field. The slide with the cleared leaf epidermis was brandd on the stage. The veins which are let ind within the square were traced off, completing the outlines of those islets which overlap adjacent cheeks of the square. The number of vein islets in 1sq mm was counted. (The slides were prepared for Gynandropsis gynandra,(fig.5)). The average number of vein islets in the four-spot adjoining squares gave. The Vein islet number.(Table -3)Determination of circumvent RatioPalisade ratio is the average number of palisade cells to a lower place one epidermal cell of a leaf. It is determined by counting the palisade cells beneath four continuous epidermal cells.A piece of the leaf was cleared by boiling in chloral hydrate solution for about thirty minutes and slide was prepared. Camera lucida and drawing board were arranged for making drawings to scale. Using 4mm objective, the outlines of four cells of the epidermis were traced off. The palisade spirit level was f ocussed and sufficient cells were traced off to cover the tracings of the epidermal cells. The outlines of those palisade cells which are intersected by the epidermal walls, were completed. The palisade cells under the four epidermal cells were counted. The average number of cells beneath a single epidermal cell was calculated. (The slides were prepared for Gynandropsis gynandra,(fig.8). The closing was repeated for fin groups of four epidermal cells from disparate separate of the leaf. The average of the results gave the palisade ratio. (Table-4)Histology of Gynandropsis gynandraMidrib of LeafThe transverse section of midrib of Gynandropsis gynandra Linn comprises of the epidermis, cortex, endodermis and vascular bundles. (fig.13)Upper epidermisComprises of barrel shaped cells which are fast jammed, devoid of chloroplast and possess glandular trichomes.CortexBelow the epidermis floors of cortical cells are endue which are do up of polygonal parenchymatous cells.EndodermisEn dodermis is made up of rectangular barrel shaped cells with casparian thickenings.PericycleBelow the endodermis three shape pericycle is present which is made up of parenchymatous cells.Vascular BundlesA four to five layered phloem tissue is present that is made up of thinwalled phloem parenchymatous cells and phloem confrere cells.Xylem tissue is made up of xylem elements, xylem parenchyma and xylem companion cells. reject EpidermisIs made up of polygonal cells which are closely packed together.2.4.2 StemTransverse section of Gynandropsis gynandra Linn stem comprises of epidermis, exodermis, cortex, endodermis and vascular bundles. (fig.14)Epidermis outside layer with tightly joined cells that are devoid of stomata. This layer is commonly termed as rhizodermis. It is also known as epiblema. This layer with cove glory trichomes dries and its place is taken by typical secondary boundary tissue called exodermis having glandular trichomes.ExodermisThis layer is present below the e pidermis and is often regarded as a protective layer. The walls of the cells become suberized.Eames, in 1947, regarded this as hypodermis Foster and Guttenberg, in 1943, gave it the light upon exodermis because of the carriage of suberin in its walls. The suberin lamella develop on the inner side of the primary wall. They differ from cork cells since they contain protoplasmic contents.CortexThe cortex is relatively simple in histology and is generally composed of thin walled cells with lots of intercellular spaces. The cells are arranged in concentric layers with cells in each layer alternating with others.EndodermisIt is a distinct layer of cells differentiated from the innermost layer of cortex. The layer is uniseriate, made up of barrel shaped cells. Casparian strips are present radially.PericycleBelow the endodermis, a few layers of parenchymatous cells are present which make up the pericycle.Vascular BundlesThe stem exhibits secondary growth, hence a complete ring of cambium is formed. A distinct secondary phloem is visible on the outer(a) side. T present is outer fascicular cambium which is made of parenchymatous cells. The phloem consists of phloem fibres, sieve tubes and companion cells. The secondary xylem shows distinct vessels and forms a continuous band interrupted here and there by narrow rays which are uniseriate.The secondary xylem constitutes a largish portion of the bundles it is present on the inner side and consists of vessels with simple pierce tracheids with a few simple pits on radial walls and whatever xylem parenchyma. shopping mallThin walled or thick walled cells filled with tannin and crystals of gypsum constitute the small pith.StomataAnisocytic or cruciferous (unequal) type of stomata which occurs in Capparadaceae family. The stoma is usually encircled by three or four subsidiary cells, one of which is markedly smaller than the others. (fig.15)Physico Chemical Evaluation of Crude DrugsExtractive ValuesExtractive fosters are useful for evaluation of jolting drugs and give an idea about the constitution of chemical constituents present in them. The amount of kindleive a drug yields to a given firmness of purpose is often an approximate measure of a certain(p) constituent or group of link constituents the drug contains. In some cases the amount of a certain constituent or group of related constituents the drug contains, in some cases the amount of drug dissolvable in a given outcome is an index of its purity. The resultant role used for root should be in a position to dissolve quantities of substances desired.Determination of inebriant Soluble Extractive5 g of macerated and air- dry out coarse powder of drug was mixed with 100 ml of 95% alcohol in a closed flask and kept for 24 hours, shaking frequently during the premiere 6 hours and therefore allowed to stand for 18 hours. Thereafter, it was filtered rapidly taking precautions against handout of the solvent. About 25 ml of the tense was ev aporated to dryness in a tared, flat-bottomed shallow dish, modify at 105o C and weighed. The percentage of alcohol- disintegrable exceptive was calculated with rootage to the air-dried drug.Determination of piddle Soluble ExtractiveProceeded as enjoin for the determination of alcohol soluble extractive, using chloroform pee I.P. as a solvent.Determination of put under Soluble ExtractiveProceeded as directed for the determination of alcohol soluble extractive, using chloroform as solvent.Determination of vegetable oil Ether Soluble ExtractiveProceeded as directed for the determination of alcohol soluble extractive, using petroleum ether as a solvent. (Table 6)Loss On DryingAbout 5 g of powder was accurately weighed, placed in a petri-dish and dried in hot-air oven at 110 C for four hours. After cooling, it was placed in a desiccator. The loss in pack was recorded. This was repeated till aeonian charge was obtained and % Loss on Drying was calculated with reference to the air-dried drug. (Table 7)Determination of modify ValuesAsh cherishs are helpful in determining the quality and purity of crude drugs in fine-grained form. Ashing involves an oxidation of the components of the product. The total modify usually consists of inorganic radicals like changes, phosphates, silicates and silica of sodium, potassium, magnesium and calcium. A high ash tree value is indicative of contamination, substitution or adulteration.Sometimes, inorganic variables like calcium oxalate, silica, carbonate content of crude drug affects total ash values such variables are then removed by treating with doseulous (as they are soluble in hydrochloric acid) and then acid- water-insoluble ash value is determined. Ash insoluble in hydrochloric acid is the resi due obtained after extracting the total ash with hydrochloric acid. This acid-insoluble ash value particularly indicates contamination with silicious materials like earth or sand. soluble ash is that part of the tota l ash content which is soluble in water. It is a good indicator of either previous extraction of water soluble salts in the drug or incorrect preparation.For the determination of unhomogeneous ash values viz. total ash, acid-insoluble ash, water-soluble ash, the shade dried parts of the selected plant materials were powderize and passed through sieve no40 and studies were carried out. The values vary within fairly wide limits and is therefore an significant parameter for the purpose of evaluation of crude drugs.Determination of fall AshA flat, thin porcelain crucible was weighed and ignited. About 2 g of the powdered drug was taken into the crucible. The crucible was incinerated at temperatures not exceeding 4500C, until shrive from carbon.The crucible was cooled in a desiccator and weighed. The procedure was repeated to get unvarying charge.The percentage of total ash was calculated with reference to the air dried drug. (Table No.8)Determination of Acid-insoluble AshThe tota l ash obtained was boiled with 25 ml of 2 M hydrochloric acid for 5mins. The insoluble ash was collected on an ashless filter penning and washed with hot water. The insoluble ash was transferred to a pre-weighed silica crucible, ignited, cooled, weighed and procedure was repeated to get constant weight. The percentage of Acid-insoluble ash of the crude drug was calculated with reference to the air-dried prove of the crude drug. (Table No.9)Determination of water-soluble AshThe total ash obtained was boiled in 25 ml chloroform water for five minutes. The insoluble ash was collected on an ashless filter paper and washed with hot water. The insoluble ash was transferred into pre-weighed silica crucible, ignited for 15 minutes at a temperature not exceeding 450o C. The crucible was cooled, weighed and the procedure was repeated to get constant weight .Weight of the insoluble matter was subtracted from the weight of the total ash. The difference of weight was considered as the water-s oluble ash. The percentage of water-soluble ash was determined with reference to the air-dried drug. (Table No.10)Fluorescence analysis of the crude drugsMany crude drugs show fluorescence when the sample is exposed to ultra purplish radiation. Evaluation of crude drugs based on fluorescence in daylight is not much used, as it is usually unreliable due to the weakness of the fluorescence effect. Fluorescence lamps (366 nm) are fitted with suitable filters, which eliminates visible radiation from the lamp and transmits ultraviolet radiation of definite wavelength. Several crude drugs show characteristic fluorescence useful for their evaluation. (Table No.11) summate Solid ContentAbout 5 g of extract was accurately weighed in a petri-dish and kept in a hot-air oven and maintained at 110C for four hours. After cooling, the loss in weight was recorded. This procedure was repeated till constant weight was obtained. (Table No. 12)Total solid content (%) = Loss in weight x 100/WW = Weight of the extract in gramsExtraction emaciationThe powdered materials were extracted with alcohol (95%) by cold maceration method.Weighed quantity of powdered crude drugs were taken into round bottom flasks with alcohol, in the drug to solvent ratio 13 and kept for maceration for a limit of 7 days. Finally the flask was left undisturbed for 12 hrs and then the contents were shaker and filtered through Whatman filter paper No.1. The marc was re-extracted with drug solvent ratio of 12. The extracts were combined and concentrated in a rotary flash evaporator, till innocuous from solvent. The extracts, thus obtained were stored in a icebox at 40C until used. (Table No.13)Qualitative Phytochemical ScreeningA spectrum of natural compounds like alkaloids, glycosides, tannis, essential oils and other similar secondary metabolites which exert physiological activity are synthesized in the plant, in addition to the carbohydrates, proteins and lipids utilized by man as food articles.A systema tic and complete study of crude drugs should include a thorough investigation of both primary and secondary metabolites derived as a result of plant metabolism. The different qualitative chemical attempts are to be performed for establishing profile of a given extract/fraction for its record of chemical composition.The following tests were carried out on the extracts to detect various phytoconstituents present in them. detecting of AlkaloidsAbout 50 mg of solvent free extract was stirred with little quantity of dilute hydrochloric acid and filtered. The filtrate was time-tested carefully with various alkaloid tests viz., Mayers try, Wagners Test, Hagers Test, Dragendroffs TestDetection of CarbohydratesAbout 100mg of the extract was fade out in 5 ml of distilled water and filtered. The presence of carbohydrates were tested by Molischs Test, Fehlings Test, Barfoeds Test and Benedicts TestDetection of GlycosidesFor detection of glycosides, about 50 mg of extract was hydrolyzed wi th concentrated hydrochloric acid for 2 hrs on a water bath, filtered and the hydrolysate was subjected to the Glycoside testa viz., Borntragers Test, Legals Test,Detection of SaponinsFoam or Froth TestDetection of Proteins and Amino AcidsAbout 100 mg of extract was dissolved in 10 ml of distilled water and filtered through Whatmann No.1 filter paper and the filtrate was subjected to tests for proteins and amino acids. Viz., Millons Test, Biuret Test, Ninhydrin TestDetection of Phytosterols and triterpenoidsTested by Libermann Burchards and Salkwoski testDetection of Phenolic Compounds and TanninsTested by Ferric chloride test, Gelatin test, locomote ethanoate test, Alkaline reagents, and Shinoda test or Magnesium Hydrochloric acid declineThin form ChromatographyThin Layer Chromatography of extracts was done by using standard procedures and is mainly used for the detection of the nature of phytoconstituents present.Thin Layer Chromatography is a very effective technique for the separation of chemical constituents of an extract and for their identification. The history of tender loving care has been reviewed by various authors. A major find in this field was the commercial availability of convenient pre cover abodes in the other(a) 70s Pharmacopoeias are increasingly employing this technique for assessing the quality and purity of compounds of both celluloid and natural origin. TLC profiles developed for an extract from a define solvent system and other parameters could be used as a fingerprint in comparative qualitative evaluation of herbal drugs. The trend of evaluation by this method is becoming popular in view of its restraint and reproducibility.TLC is an important analytical tool in the separation, identification and thought of different classes of natural products. In this technique, the different components are separated by the differential migration of solute between two phases a stationary phase and a mobile phase. Here, the principle of s eparation is adsorption and the stationary phase acts as an adsorbent. Depending on the particular type of stationary phase, its preparation and use with different solvents, separation can be achieved on the basis of partition or a combination of partition and adsorption.Preparation of Plates100 g of silicon dioxide gel-G was weighed and made into a homogenous suspension with 200 ml of distilled water to form aslurry. The slurry was poured into a TLC applicator, which was adjusted to 0.25 mm thickness on flat glass plate of different dimensions (10 x 2, 10 x 5, 20 x 5, 20 x 10 cm etc.). The coated plates were allowed to dry in air, followed by heating at 100 105o C for 1 hour, cooled and stored in a dry atmosphere to protect from moisture. in the first place using, the plates were activated by heating at 100o C for 10 minutes.Detection of Steroids / Triterpenoids and their GlycosidesSolvent systems usedEthyl ethanoate Methanol Water 81 11 8Ethyl acetate Methanol Water 75 15 10Chloroform Methanol Water 70 30 4Chloroform Methanol Water 64 50 10n-Butanol Acetic acid Water 4 1 5 (upper phase) benzine Ethyl acetate 90 10, 80 20, 50 50Chloroform Methanol 95 5, 90 10, 80 20Ethyl acetate Methanol 90 10, 80 20, 50 50Spray Reagents1) Vanillin sulphuric acid (VS) reagent solvent I 5% ethanolic sulphuric acidSolution II 1% ethanolic vanillinThe developed TLC plate was sprayed with 10 ml of solution I, followed immediately by 5-10 ml of solution II, then heate for 5-10 minutes at 100o C under observation. steroids / triterpenoids and their glycosides give blue, blue violet or tap colored spots.2) Vanillin Phosphoric acid (VPA) reagentSolution a 1 gm vanillin dissolved in 100 ml of 50% phosphoric acidSolution b 2 parts 24 % phosphoric acid and 8 parts 2% ethanolic Vanillic acidAfter nebuliser with either solution a or b, the plate was heated for 10 minutes at 100o C Red Violet colour indicates the presence of steroids / triterpenoids an d their glycosides.3) Antimony (III) chloride reagent20% solution of antimony (III) chlorideThe developed TLC plate was sprayed with reagent and then heated for 5-6 minutes at 100o CRed violet color in visible light red violet, blue and green fluorescence in UV at 365 nm indicates the presence of steroids / triterpenoids and their glycosides.4) Anisaldehyde sulphuric acid reagent0.5 ml of anisaldehyde was mixed with 10 ml glacial acetic acid, followed by 85 ml of methanol and 5 ml of concentrated sulphuric acid, in that order. The developed TLC plate was sprayed with reagent, heated at 100o C for 5 10 minutes. steroids / triterpenoids and their glycosides give blue, blue violet or pink coloured spots.Detection of Flavonoids and their GlycosidesSolvent systems usedChloroform Methanol 8020, 7030, 5050Ethyl acetate Methanol Water 81118n- Butanol Acetic acid Water 4 1 5 (upper phase)Ethyl acetate formic acid Glacial acetic acid water100111127Ethyl acetate Formic acid Glacial acetic acid Ethyl methyl ketone Water 50733010DetectionThe developed TLC plate was detect in visible light and in UV at 365 nm. Flavonoids and their glycosides come in as yellow, dark blue, orange zones / spots. The color gets intensified on moving-picture show of the plates to ammonia vapors.Detection of AlkaloidsSolvent systems usedBenzene Ethyl acetate Diethylamine 631Toluene Ethyl acetate Formic acid 541DetectionDragendorffs reagentThe developed TLC plate was sprayed with reagent and then heated for 5-6 minutes at 1000C, spot will be developed.

The Self Reflection Paper English Language Essay

The Self Reflection Paper English Language quizSince a young boy, I have al bearings listened to my mformer(a)s advice or orders. She is the whiz who taught me at home, commanded me to do things, and especially punished me when I did approximatelything wrong, or forgot doing what she had told me to do. When straining me, she always said, Next time, listen to me carefully. Therefore, to avoid the punishment, I always essay to listen to her attentively and to do what she asked me to do, and that affects my learning style today, in finical one in learning English. As I have recognized, I learn most by carefully listening to the lectures before I start doing things. But that is non the only learning style of mine. exhausting to think problematical to beat the logical reasons is as well another way that withstands me learn most. In other words, my learning styles are Abstract formulation and Reflective Observation, the combination of which is called Assimilator (Kolb, 1985). H owever, it depends on subject matters. For some fact learning activities, the most effective way to get the knowledge for me is to do and class period them, which Kolb (1985) refers to Active Experimentation.In terms of learning English, I leave alone talk ab knocked out(p) my experience at Institute of Foreign Languages (IFL). Since the origin year, when learning the content-based subjects, such as Introduction to Environment, Introduction to Sociology, Global Studies, and publications studies, I have always tried to carefully listen to the lectures, and film some notes since they are always been the most effective for me to look the lessons. In addition, when reading the textbooks, for the exam in particular, I usually do not endeavor to check things, but to think critically to figure out the logical reasons or ways to explain them although they are the linchpin terms. act to reason something or influence ways to explain it always makes me understand the lesson more de eply and remember it longer. Memorization usually does not take form with me.Some students may learn most by actually doing or experimenting thing right away, but I am not that kind. I same to take in the full-page thing, or observe people doing things first gear before I start doing myself. In learning grammar in join English, for instance, I like deductive method by starting to study the rules and the usages of the grammar points before doing the exercises. At the same time, I also use inductive method whenever possible to create my own theories to understand or memorize the grammar points. For example, when learning the adjectives order, opinion + size + quality/character + age + exercise + color + participles + origin + material + type + purpose (Foley Hall, 2003, p. 219), I try to create my own ways to memorize the order, by taking the initial(s) of severally word, and cluster them. It becomes OS QASh CPOM TY. These clusters are those that are familiar with me, and th erefore make me remember them easily (though the others may find them even more manifold than the originals).However, not all the skills do I learn these ways. For instance, learning to alter the four macro skills listening, reading, public speaking, and writing, I have only one key word, practice. The more I practice these skills, the more I learn. To practice the skills, I also try to relate them to my hobby. For example, I like watching cartoons, so I always take this hobby to ameliorate my listening skill. I watch mostly hilarious cartoons dubbed in English, which helps me not only abate but also improve the listening skill subconsciously. I also like reading novels, and short stories in English, especially the detective ones, and that helps me improve my reading skill. For speaking skill, I always try to practice speaking whenever possible. I always take opportunity to speak English to my friends, in particular Luy Vannda (Joe), who always reminds me to use English instea d of Khmer when making a conversation. To improve writing skills, I just simply try hard to finish assignment or journals assigned by the lecturers. I do not seem to care much about finding other activities to improve this skill, but I always put much essay on writing each pieces. To me, trying to get things done like this helps me improve my writing skill a lot.In short, I called myself assimilator, for I learn most by observing, thinking critically, and forming my own ways of arrest things. I like to synthesize various ideas and observation into an integrated whole before I actually start doing things myself. I try to find logical and precise ways or theories to understand things. If I cannot find one, I am more unlikely to understand the lesson. Nevertheless, I do not apply this learning style to all types of learning skills. For some skills, like the four macro skills, I simply try to practice them as much as possible.

Encroachment in the North East Region of Nigeria

onslaught in the North eastern hemisphere Region of NigeriaDESERTIFICATION OR DESERT rape move chair from a change in temper or from human action, and it is a lot difficult to tell between the two. This has commonly lead to confusion and misconceptions. A temporary or long-continued deterioration of climate whitethorn accentuate the harmful consequences of human occupation of the primer coat and vice versa. It has often dates been suggested that mans activities defend resulted in climatic deterioration, but this is difficult to endorse. In all told case it is grievous to attempt to assess the relative contribution of climate and man in the process of abjureification in order to decide on the ameliorative measures that can best be interpreted and to deem the likeliness of their success. repudiate atomic number 18 non expanding e precisewhere in Africa. Irrigation has converted what had been defect into highly productive cropland afforestation has at l atomic nu mber 99 locally reclaimed the waste. merely it is widely thought that the Sahara, the Kalahari and opposite forsake and semi- cease portions ar expanding. Why should this premiss be make? It has non always been based, I would suggest, on heavy(p) evidence. Students of classical writings in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries were led to cogitate that North Africa had been frequently much highly productive in popish times. M both of them were inclined to explain the deterioration in marchess of desiccation, though as previous(predicate) as 1828 the Copenhagen botanist Schow showed that it was unlikely that the temperature and rain down of the region were very different in classical times from his own.Colonial administrators in the early twentieth century, comparing conditions at the tropical scourge margins with those describe by late nineteenth century explorers and seeing the ruins of ancient gallant capitals in the Western Sudan, also convinced themselves t hat the pelting was diminishing Foresters and agriculturalists dismay by the destructive land pulmonary tuberculosis practices of cultivators and graziers, so different from those they knew in north-west Europe, warned the goernments of the African colonies of the dangers that threatened.As a result the idea of abandon expansion, of an advancing Sahara, became firmly rootedin the minds of the public at large. At the present day we find popular works on environmental deterioration conveying the same messages. Thus the Ehrlichs write the vast Sahara desert itself is largely man-made, the result of everywhereshaving, faulty irrigation, deforestation, perhaps combined with a transposition in the course of a jet stream. Today the Sahara is advancing atomic number 16 on a broad front at a dictate of several miles per yr. The recent teetotal years and their consequences may come out to substantiate such crude assessments of the situation.The African deserts atomic number 18 n ot man-made dustbowls they argon to be ascribed to begin with to the continents geographical position. Africa lies almost entirely deep down 30 of the equator and a large part of its total atomic number 18a is busy by alter descending air and receives little rain. Further more(prenominal), the temperatures at junior-grade altitudes atomic number 18 generally high through kayoed most of the year so that water losses from land and water surfaces are high, especially in the tropical regions of low rainfall and relative humidity. The Sahara and the Kalahari are to be explained primarily in these terms. The Namib desert is associated with the cold Benguela current darkshore, and in East Africa locally dry and semi-desert areas lie in the lee of highlands which reach already course the moist air masses from the oceans. Nevertheless, there are very spacious marginal areas where land use practices determine whether they shall be productive or unproductive in the long term.A great deal has been versed somewhat African deserts in the last few decades. impractical and space photography and the work of scientists in a number of palm have greatly extended our ability to appreciate the nature of the desert lands and the processes at work on their margins. We have the long series of publications of UNESCOs dried Zone Research Symposia there have been WMO and FAO studies of semi-arid regions the University of Arizona has published Deserts of the World, an appraisal of research into their physical and biological environments (1968) and Arid Lands in aspect (1969). The publications of the Pan-African Congresses on Prehi invention and the Quaternary, of ASEQUA (Association Senegalaise pour lEtude du Quaternaire de lOuest Africain), and of Dr van Zinderen Bakker in his series on the Palaeoecology of Africa havebrought together the results of the investigations of a host of geologists, geographers,archaeologists, botanists and other specialists, all of whose work has a bearing on the subject we are considering. crack scientists and hydrologists, foresters and agriculturalists, anthropologists and historians have all made their contributions to our pool of information and we should direct be in a much advance position to view the hale interrogation of desertification in its true perspective than were our predecessors a generation ago. permit us try to do this, by examining first the question of ever-changing climates, then the nature of human interference, and finally the ways of measuring desert violation and the possible means of taking action against it.It has not been frame possible to distinguish clearly any simple long term trends or regular periodicities in the climate, though many attempts have been made to do so, and it is necessary to adopt an empirical historic approach to the subject. In tracing what is cognize of the history of Africas climate it is useful to gain perspective by looking at the changes over the last centu ry against the emphasize of the last several thousand years. As pointed out by R. O. Whyte, we should distinguish major changes in climate, in or out of pluvial lasting thousands of years, from tyke changes lasting hundreds of years, and from variations or trends which are experienced for 10 to 50 years.1 individually time- racing shell has its own biological significance. The shorter period variations are superimposed on the protracted period fluctuations, and we must recognizethat as we attempt to penet vagabond provided into the ancient, so our ability to distinguish minor oscillations diminishes and only the major changes can be detected.The role of man-Mans role in desert trespass is a very ancient one. He has known how to make sacking since late Acheulian times for almost 10,000 years he has herded his animak at the desert margins and grown his crops in the more favoured areas. He has established large settlements and lower wood for fuel and tropeings over a similar period. Burning of the phytology is perhaps not a very important agency in the process of desertification grass and trees in vulnerable areas are generally too flimsy to burn readily. An exception to this general rule might be timbre on board watercourses which has probably been largely eliminated in many semi-arid regions of Africa, possibly by fire. Gallery forest is a prominent feature of the savannah lands, and the concentration of what phytology there is in deserts like the Sahara alongside watercourses is very striking. In the intermediate zones, streamside vegetation is roughtimes less lucid than one might expect it to be. Burning might possibly be the explanation. A careful study of ERTS imagery would throw much hop out on the timing and areal incidence of burning.Heavy skimming by wild animals cannot be entirely ruled out as a cause of desert encroachment in the past. Certainly the eighteenth and early nineteenth century accounts of the enormous herds of antelope at the margins of the Kalahari and in the arid part of Kenya, for example, suggest that their effect on the vegetation must have been very great. Animal populations increase and decrease in waves and the peak populations may not coincide with the maximum availability of provender. but, the balance between available food and the bio-mass is probably better kept by wild animal species with varied food preferences than by man and his livestock. It seems likely that browsing and grazing by wild animals may primary(prenominal)tain grassland conditions and that with their replacement by domestic animals woodland made up of thorny species of shrubs and trees may replace the grass. This seems to have occurred notably in the Karoo of confederationern Africa in recent decades. Bush has moved east and north replacing sweet grass veld, while long areas in the west are said to have be rally virtual desert.The nomads and their herds of cattle, roaming the margins of the Sahara, match gam e animals on Serengeti in adjusting their movements to the availability of water and pasture. However their movements have been increasingly restricted by political frontiers, taxation arrangements, and the occupation of grazing land by agriculturalists. Particularly important in this respect are the dry tempers grazing lands that have been interpreted over for irrigation. At the margins of the Kalahari, the pastoralists of easterly Botswana live in large villages and take their herds out over the extensive gracing land to the west in the dry season. This seems to be a informed response to the natural conditions. However, there is always a tendency for the herds to build up in reliable years and then the poem are kept high in dry years so that the pastures are eaten out.In recent years the happens of desertification as a result of overgrazing has increase as a result of three factorsThe increase in numbers of livestock in many areas, e.g., north-east Nigeria. It would be useful to have more information about this. Doubling of numbers in a decade seems to have occurred in some areas, although livestock numbers are notoriously inaccurate.The increasing proportion of cattle in small herds often belonging to sedentary cultivators and herded by small boys, who cannot wander far, resulting in local overgrazing while other areas with pasture -main ungrazed.The provision of water in authoritative areas, such as parts of the artesian basin near Lake Chad, resulting in cattle remaining near wells and eating out the grazing round about instead of moving off to the rivers and other areas with dry season water and grass.The risks of serious deterioration are greatest when a succession of good years is followed by a period of long-continued drought.Woodcutting is a serious matter in many areas. Pastoralists are partly to blame. In places like Tibesti they cut foliage to feed their camels and use branches to build enclosures for their goats. However it might be far-fam ed that a extensive part of the oaken growth in some areas springs from posts that were used for the enclosures and have interpreted root. other threat comes from the demand for fuel in towns. The deal in the touch countryside find the sale of wood to the town mint a useful supplement to their insufficient cash incomes. K. J. Mortimore and J. Wilson have estimated that nearly three-quarters of Kano citys firewood consumption of some 75,000 tons per year for its population of 300,000, is brought in by donkeys mainly from within a gas constant of about 20 km. Although there is a return cargo of muck up (over 10 per cent of the total applied to the intensely cultivated handle or so the city), this trade represents the felling of thousands of trees every year. As Kano and similar towns grow at rates of 5-10 per cent annually, one can expect the woodland around to become very sparse. Alongside roads, at a distance from the bigger settlements, wide areas are also being cleared by tribe who add to their income by making charcoal which is then carried into town by passing lorries. When the woodland has disappeared from such areas only animal dung mud for fuel for local consumption, and all the sylvan produce, honey, fruits and beans, medicaments and so on, are lost. timberland in agricultural areas, as in the Sudan zone and the Sahel, is pointly important. It provides market for animals and man it brings up nutrients from below that are released to the base- abject sandy soils from the decaying leaves and from the substances washed off the leaves it brakes the speed of the wind, reduces the rate of evaporation at the end of the rains and the risk of soil blowing away towards the end of the dry season, and it provides shade for man and beast. non least(prenominal), it has an aesthetic value in improving the appearance of the landscape. Particularly important is the Winterthorn, Acacia albida, which is in leaf during the dry season and pay ups beans fro m great woody pods onward the rains come. Multiplication of this tree should beencouraged throughout the Sudan and Sahel.Cultivation in marginal areas during periods of higher than normal rainfall is especially dangerous, and is perhaps the main cause of desertification against which it may be necessary to take pr pointtive action. When dry years follow years of relative plenty, ploughed soil-or soil from which the sparse cover of natural plants has been eliminated by cultivation-is at the mercy of the winds. The fine clays and silts are carried away as dust, and the sand drifts into dunes.The effect is likely to be permanent except at great cost. Measuring the rate of desert encroachment In 1882 land classified as either desert or wasteland amounted to 9-4 percent of the total land on Earth. In 1952 it had uprise to 23-3 percent. I give this quotation not because it is true but because it is meaningless. No definitions are given and it is not dear whether the difference between the figures is the result of the spread of desert conditions or, much more likely, whether definitions of desert and availability of cognition were different on the two occasions. However, it does bring out the point that it is exceedingly difficult to measure and state in numerical terms the rate of desert encroachment-though less difficult now than it was in the past.In the past there has been a good deal of reliance on such indicators as themovement of towns and tribes, and on the chance observations of travelers and the tales they were told. Writing in 1921, F. Migeod noted that the capital of Kanem was shifted to positions successively further due south Bovill brought together additional historical evidence of the encroachment of the Sahara on the Sudan. Both were writing soon aft(prenominal) the dry period of the early twentieth century. In 1935 E. T. Stebbing produced a role of West Africa showing the present advance of sand and attempted to estimate its rate of progress. The basis for all such calculations was very flimsy, but figures of cc km. in 200 years were commonly given. The rainfall gradient from south to north in West Africa is remarkably regular and mean determine diminish northwards by about 100 mm. per 100 km. in the Sahelian zone, so that the kinds of changes in the precipitation that are likely to have taken place cannot alone explain such a shift. All the writers pointed to the depredations of nomads, spillage of forest lands and so on. Similar alarm bells were rung in East and South Africa and in all these areas government commissions were appointed to investigate. They confirmed that rainfall was not progressively decreasing, but agreed that the vegetation cover was deteriorating and in some areas water-tables were falling and rivers drying up.There is an interesting exception to the usual story of Hearing of the vegetationbeing followed by a fall in the water-table. It was found in northern Nigeria in the 1950s that in shock of the spread of cultivation and the destruction of woodland in western Bornu, in the preceding 25 years the water-table had risen phenomenally, levels rising in some wells by more than 100 feet and perennial springs breaking out to feed small lakes.84 It was postulated that the destruction of woodland, by reducing the loss by transpiration of water brought up from depth by the tree roots, had increased the record left to percolate deeply into the pervious sedimentary rocks. Similar reports come from West Australia and East Africa, and it seems that we may not be able to use the height of the water table by itself as a good for you(p) indicator of desertification.On the whole we are concerned with the vegetation cover, its completeness orotherwise, its composition and its productivity. In assessing the rate of change in any or all of these we are faced with the difficulties of very great variability over short distances according to soil, slope, availability of water and, above all, intensity and vogue of land use. Quantitative assessments of the plant cover at a particular place and at a particular time can now be made by using suitable sampling and statistical procedures, and extrapolating from the sample areas by using aerial photographs and other methods of remote sensing. It may be possible to monitor changes in the situation from season to season by satellite observations. Changes over a long period of time can now be assessed by comparing air photographs taken at intervals of 25 years in many of thedesert marginal areas. The Trimetrigon photography taken by the US Air Force of much of Africa during the Second World War could be particularly useful in this respect (consisting of strips of vertical photos with obliques on either side). In some areas, such as Morocco and parts of southern Africa, photographic cover is available spanning an even longer interval of time. Opportunities for comparative studies of this kind do not seem to have been widely expl oited and might be encouraged. One of the more interesting attempts to use air photographs to trace the shifting of the edge of the desertis that of M. Clos-Arceduc who, from a study of the nature of the vegetation patterns in the Sahelian zone known as brousse tigree has come to the conclusion that they indicate a shift south of the vegetation zones through 150 km. in the Niamey region over 2 centuries or less.Combating Desert EncroachmentExcept for arid areas that yield oil, and the limited irrigated areas near the Nile, Niger, Senegal and Lake Chad, the lands at the margins of African deserts are poor and not likely to be highly productive. There is little to be said in favour of great schemes for climatic amelioration involving, for example, the pleasure of great rivers such as the Zambesi and the creation (or reconstitution) of great lakes like those that existed in the humid periods of the Pleistocene. Such lakes would be extremely expensive to make, they would flood land whi ch is now productive, and it is unlikely that they would lead to an increase of rainfall that would yield returns in any way commensurate with the costs involved. It is conceivable that the destruction of rain forest in the Congo basin, forexample, may have reduced the rainfall of areas further from the equator by how much it is impossible to say. There is no question of afforestation in such a region on a scale sufficient to restore the situation. In special circumstances cloud-seeding may be found to be rewarding, and it is possible that in the future ways bequeath be found of modifying the general circulation benefitously. I would not regard any of these as being of much concern to us at present.At present, populations in the semi-arid lands of the continent are increasing at rates of about 3 per cent annually, as they are elsewhere in Africa. In the near future, however, it is possible that the rural population, especially the pastoral population, may decline. This has already happened in parts of the Sahara and Libya affected by oil production. There are three trends that are more generally effective. Firstly, young people pass to school are becoming literate and have greater expectations than their parents had secondly, people are consuming more and have the desire to consume more than they did thirdly, people are congregating more near roads and in large towns. It is just as important to keep track of these changes in the human geography of the desert margins as it is to monitor changes in the vegetation cover and to calculate trends in precipitation.If effective measures are to be taken against desertification, the people involved must be persuaded of the advantages to themselves. Wherever possible measures should be of a positive rather than of a restrictive character. Thus, if it is inevitable that people are going to concentrate in large settlements in light-sensitive areas, then as well as attempting to regulate the felling of trees for fuel an d timber, government activity may be able to cheapen alternative supplies of fuel and crook materials, provide young fruit trees at low cost, and so on. maybe the main problems are presented by pastoralists, whose traditionalsystems do not hold up neatly into the framework of a modern state. Nomadic flexibility is an advantage to people living in fluctuating, marginal environmental conditions, and nomadic mobility allows good use to be made of variable grazing. Settlement of pastoralists is expedient politically and has some economic advantages, but the greater rigidity seems to involve considerable risks of disaster when the drought years come again, as they will. In UNESCOs engross and Conservation of the Biosphere, it is noted that nomadism as a careful pastoral continuum is the least traumatic of human influences and as a form of husbandry utilizes areas which could not be utilized by man in any other way. I think we have yet to find a better alternative.

The Bluest Eye - Morrisons Attempt to Induce White Guilt :: Bluest Eye Essays

The Bluest Eye - Morrisons Attempt to Induce White GuiltIve hear the f competent before, three times in fact. Originally, the oracle in apparent motion was always an old man, an Asian philosopher and blind. The boys carried in a live bird, not a dead bird as she described as a small bundle of life sacrificed or the absence of bird altogether. The boys asked the identical question. If the philosopher answered dead, they would let it fly away, but if he answered alive, they would kill it and drop it at his feet, proving him wrong with either answer. When the old, wise, blind man was presented with the question, he pondered it a procedure and deduced their scheme. He answered, The fate of that bird is in your hands. Toni Morrison altered the fable in her Nobel Prize Acceptance Speech, offering her learning of it, which is understandable as she is a writer and is figureing an analogy to it. Writers often focus on wisdom in stories and some writers need to as in the case of Morrison and The Bluest Eye. The perception and point of view in which the story is told to the reader is essential for Morrison to build her case. She needs to suck the reader into her framework of thinking using stories of hollo and neglect to create compassion and sympathy for the characters of her story. The catch is, shes not verbalise a story so much as selling a product. When a good salesman pushes an item, the first step is to have the audience yield to his way of thinking. Morrisons product here is a philosophy, an paper that is the theme of her book. That idea is that physical beauty is probably the most destructive idea in the history of human thought. She pushes this idea right through the readers brain. It is the ruin of the gloomy girls. If only they were pretty. If only they had pretty blue eyes. We might be able to think of beauty as the bird. True beauty, in Morrisons ideology, would be the absence of the bird. Lacking in physical attributes, b ut representative of all things exempt and without boundaries. If the bird is present, whether alive or dead, the physical intrusiveness of it then defines its beauty.

The Stigma of Mental Illness: Undiagnosed and Untreated Essay -- Isolat

Madhouses, looney bins, insane asylums, monsters, witches, and lunatics. These are the terms that reparation both the mentally ill and the facilities that provide their treatment. The stigma of mental disorder sustains persons in need of treatment from seeking help for their mental illnesses. The grow of the stigma of mental illness need to be dissected to curtail the discrimination, prejudice, and stereotyping of the mentally ill. There are things that can be done to prevent this stigma including changes in federal policy, public cooperation, and individual advocacy. 1. HISTORICAL circumstanceCivilizations excite tried to cure the mentally ill since prehistoric times. oft it was believed that these good deal were victims of possession by demons, or were witches. Doctors Eric Snitchler and Kevin Harris from Northern Illinois University noted that Archeologists have uncovered skulls with holes drilled in them dating back as distant as 8,000 B.Cthe holes may have been drilled into the skull as a convey of releasing evil spirits that were trapped inside the head do abnormal behavior. This surgery, referred to as trephining, is still practiced by some African tribes today. In the Middle Ages, Europeans left the mentally unstable alone unless they turn out to be dangerous. In the 1600s Europeans began to isolate the mentally ill. They treated them poorly and chained them to walls and left them in dungeons. After the French Revolution, some establishments were reformed and patients were attached more freedom and more pleasant living conditions however, many people were still mistreated. In America, the mentally ill were locked up with criminals and hidden from the after-school(prenominal) world. By the late 1800s, many state psychiatric hospitals were ... ...al. The Backbone of grade Identifying the Global Core of Public Prejudice Associated With Mental Illness. American daybook of Public Health 103.5 (2013) 853-860. Business Source Premier. Web. 3 Feb. 2014. Shrivastava, Amresh, et al. Clinical attempt of Stigma and Discrimination of Mental Illnesses Need For Objective Assessment and Quantification. Indian Journal of Psychiatry 55.2 (2013) 178-182. Academic Search Complete. Web. 10 Feb. 2014. Snitchler, Eric, and Kevin Harris. History of vicarious Psychology. Online Posting. Northern Illinois U, Spring 2002. Web. 28 Feb. 2014. Timeline Treatments for Mental Illness. PBS. American Express, 2002. Web. 28 Feb. 2014. Vogel, David L., Nathaniel G. Wade, and Shawn Haake. mensuration the Self-Stigma Associated with Seeking Psychological Help. Journal of Counseling Psychology 53.3 (2006) 325-37. Print.

Legalizing Concealed Weapons May Deter Crime Essay -- Argumentative Pe

Legalizing Concealed Weapons whitethorn Deter CrimeA hide weapon is a small(a)-arm hidden on a person. Thomas Jefferson once wrote that laws that forbid the carrying of arms... demilitarise barely those who are neither inclined nor determined to commit villainys. such laws make things worse for the assaulted and better for the assailants they serve rather to encourage than to go along homicides for an unarm man whitethorn be attacked with greater confidence than an gird man(Lee 147). In Florida, 315,000 permits had been issued to citizens for concealed weapons by December 31, 1995. Only basketball team thrust been revoked because the permit holder committed a violent crime with a wedge ( Kopel 129). Many crimes could have been avoided if you could carry a concealed weapon in every state. If the states that do non have proper(ip) - to - carry concealed guns had adopted the laws in 1992, approximately 1,570 murders 4,177 rapes and over 60,000 exasperate assaults would hav e been avoided yearly (Kopel 129). Many mess worry that sinless people or trained police officers would get hurt. The idea that poorly trained, armed people looking to become heroes would make it more dangerous for innocent people. Many law-enforcement organizations say different. They voluntarily issue concealed carry permits to citizens who straits a background checks. The concealed-carry movement is based on the principle that accountable citizens should not expect government to provide them with the essentials of life. Providing for the safety of ones self and ones family is beginning(a) of all a personal duty. In the past five old age in Miami, four concealed weapons permits have been revoked for criminal misuses of concealed weapons. Everyone may benefit from concealed-carry reform.... ... Brady, chairman of Handgun Control, said, I dont believe gun owners have rights. Rosie ODonnell said I honestly think-and I am not an salutary on the amendments-I think the only peop le in this nation who should be allowed to own guns are police officers. I dont care if you want to describe I dont care if you think its your right. I say sorry. It is 1999 we have had luxuriant as a nation. You are not allowed to own a gun and if you do own a gun, I think you should go to prison house (Lee 149). I believe like Thomas Jefferson did that laws that forbid the carrying of arms, disarm only those who are neither inclined nor determined to commit crimes. In the future(a) crime rates might drop, but that does not mean that all violent crime will stop. Carrying a concealed weapon does not guarantee that you will not be a victim, but I think it will help to protect yourself.

Social Construction of Child and Childhood Essay examples -- Psycholog

Social custodytal synthesis of child and childhoodTo start with an overview of brotherly constructionism in very general terms leads to build understandings of child and childhood in a social world more explicitly. Notion of social construction is defined in diverse disciplines and instead of generating a description thither are a number of thoughts. It is sometimes c onlyed a movement, at otherwise times a position, a theory, a theoretical orientation, an approach psychologists catch champions breath unsure of its status (Stam 2001, p. 294). Vivien (1995, p. 10) points the origin of social constructionism stems from two to three light speed years ago in the period of enlightenment, modernism and postmodernism. By all means, Berger and Luckmann (1966) book The Social Construction of Reality as a initiatory book have a title of social construction has prestigious contributes in recent studies (Hacking, 1999). In this book, questioning everyday life realities and self-aggrand ising examples from it, shows the importance of social relations and language that we used. Hacking The Social Construction of What? (1999) offers streetwise and logical instances which supports to comprehend those aspects. He listed a number of things to be socially constructed and X as a generic label is used by him to work things as they are. First X does not exist or it is not generated by any natural thing then X existed by history, social interactions and with similar things. He discussed all too a good deal after this process, using theory of social construction results in to channelize or destroy X render normalisation. Gender is one of the good examples that he gave which always come to mind whether it is constructed or not. bewilder it in a simple way, when X is gender inequalities between men and women caus... ...ook the back of the book (Miller, 1995). Cognitive inability to realize other side and lack of social conversation are propounded by Piaget the reasons of the egocentrism. Children talk term they play with peers however this communication does not necessarily related to separately other that even in group self communication place exist. He suggests based on his own observations such this speech abate with age. In other words, egocentric thinking transition from autistic to social thinking and when child start to think silently egocentrism thaw (Piaget,1950). Vygotsky view departs from this point in contradiction age decline he claimed initial mission of egocentric speech is cognitive self- guidance or else than social communication (Rubin, 1973). In commonsense, egocentrism is shaped by ripening of thoughts but, Piaget attributed it genetic roots.